History

Pre-K: Kindergarten: First Grade: Second Grade: Third Grade: Fourth Grade: Fifth Grade: Sixth Grade: Seventh Grade: Eighth Grade:


 * Pre-K: **

**Kindergarten:**


 * __Grandpa’s Gamble__ **

// Richard Michelson (1999). Marshall Cavendish. Barry Moser, illustrator. //

The young boy and girl in this story yearn for an exciting relative, but they feel like they are stuck with their boring old grandpa who just sits in his chair and prays. The boy stumbles over an old picture of a stunning man and realizes it was his grandpa. Grandpa Sam shares his exciting and difficult adventures from Poland to America. This book captures many of the hardships immigrants faced during this time period through this compelling story and wonderful illustrations.


 * __ Grade: __ ** Kindergarten
 * __ Theme: __ ** A Child's Place in Time and Space
 * __ Topic: __ ** Heritage
 * __ Content Statement: __ ** 3. Heritage is reflected through the arts customs, traditions, family celebrations and language.


 * Content Activity Needed **

//Pat Mora & Libby Martinez (2014). Dragonfly Books. // //Illustrated by Patric Barton. //
 * __I Pledge Allegiance__**

Libby’s great-aunt Lobo moved to the United States from Mexico, and she has been living in the United States for many years. Lobo is taking the necessary steps to become an official citizen of the United States of America. She recently passed her citizenship test, and the last step she must take is to say the Pledge of Allegiance in front of a judge at the court house on Friday. Lobo is nervous she is going to make a mistake while saying the Pledge of Allegiance, but luckily Libby is also learning the Pledge of Allegiance in school! Libby’s teacher is having Libby lead her class in saying the Pledge of Allegiance on Thursday to celebrate Lobo becoming a US citizen. Libby is also nervous about messing up, so she and Lobo practice the Pledge of Allegiance together every night that week.


 * __Grade: __** Kindergarten
 * __Strand: __** History
 * __Topic: __** Heritage
 * __Content Statement: __** 4. Nations are represented by symbols and practices. Symbols and practices of the United States include the American flag, Pledge of Allegiance, and the National Anthem.

I Pledge Allegiance Reinforcing Activity

 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Larnel doesn’t know his neighbor Mrs. Katz very well until he asks her to adopt an abandoned kitten. Mrs. Katz agrees, on one condition: that Larnel help her take care of the kitten she names Tush. When Larnel starts spending more and more time with Mrs. Katz to help with Tush, Mrs. Katz tells him stories about coming to America from Poland and about the good times she spent with her late husband. Soon Larnel grows to love Mrs. Katz, while he also discovers the common themes of suffering and triumph black history shares with Jewish heritage. Finally, they celebrate a festive Passover sedar together, but their friendship is only just the beginning.
 * __ Mrs. Katz and Tush __ **
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">//Patricia Polacco (1992). A Bantam Little Rooster Book.// **

__ **Grade:** __ Kindergarten __ **Theme:** __ A Child's Place in Time and Space __ **Topic** __ : Heritage __ **Content Statement:** __ 3. Heritage is reflected through the arts customs, traditions, family celebrations and language.


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Mrs. Katz and Tush Reinforcing Activity **

__**The Noisy Paint Box**__ //Barb Rosenstock (2014). Knopf Books for Young Readers.// //Illustrated by Mary GrandPre.//

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Vasya Kandinsky was given a paint box from his aunt. When he opened the paint box, and started painting he heard the noise of the colors exploding. When Vasya grew up, he lead a very plain, boring, life, but he never forgot about his noisy paint box, and the wonderment that it brought him. Vasya eventually opened his paint box again, and his world was opened to explore. Vasya showed the world his paintings, and how his works made people feel, not what it was supposed to be.

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: **__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Kindergarten __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand: **__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> History
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">__Topic:__ **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">HISTORICAL THINKING AND SKILLS
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">__Content Statement:__ **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Personal history can be shared through stories and pictures.

The Noisy Paint Box Reinforcing Activity

__**Oh Say! Can You See**__ //Francis Scott Key & D. Clark (2008). Make Believe Ideas.//

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The main focus of this book is the national anthem, however, it goes on to discuss other concepts as well as it is laced with interactive pictures and facts about America’s history. The evolution of the American flag is another concept that is focus on in this book. Included with //Oh Say! Can You// See is a CD that contains 10 of our nation’s most beloved songs, such as The Star-Spangled Banner and This Land Is Your Land.

__**Strand:**__ History __**Topic:**__ Heritage __**Content Statement:**__ <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Nations are represented by symbols and practices. Symbols and practices of the United States include the American flag, Pledge of Allegiance and the National Anthem.
 * __Grade:__** Kindergarten

Oh Say! Can You See Reinforcing Activity

__ **Seven Brave Women** __

// Betsy Hearne (1997). GreenWillow Books. // // Illustrated by Bethanne Andersen //

This book takes a journey through time as a young girl describes the lives of the women of her ancestry. The book starts with the life story of the girl’s great-great-great grandmother who was an immigrant to the new world and continues on down through the lives of the young girl's ancestors and ends with the story of her own life. The book tells of the strong women who left their mark in the past. This book provides an alternative look at a wide span of history and shows how we can learn about history through our own heritage.

__ **Grade** __ : Kindergarten __ **Theme** __ : A Child’s Place in Time and Space __ **Content Statement** __ : 3. Heritage is reflected through the arts, customs, traditions, family celebrations and language.
 * __Topic__ ** : Heritage

Seven Brave Women Reinforcing Activity

__ **Who Belongs Here?** __ // By Margy Burns Knight (1993) // // Illustrated by Anne Sibley O’Brien //

This book tells the story/adventure of a little boy named Nary as he travels to the United States. Nary and his family choose to immigrate to the U.S. because their native country of Cambodia is at war. The war has led Cambodia’s people to migrate to Thailand to seek food and shelter. Once Nary and his family arrive in the U.S., he learns how life is as an American immigrant.

__ **Grade:** __ Kindergarten __ **Theme:** __ A Child's Place in Time and Space __ **Topic:** __ Heritage __ **Content Statement:** __ 3. Heritage is reflected through the arts, customs, traditions, family celebrations and language.


 * Content Activity Needed **


 * <span style="color: olive; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt; line-height: 1.5;">First Grade: **

//Barbara Rosenstock (2012). Dial Books.// //Illustrated by Mordecai Gerstein.//
 * __The Camping Trip that Changed America: Theodore Roosevelt, John Muir, and Our National Parks__**

In the year 1903, President Roosevelt wrote a letter to John Muir after reading one of his books about how we are losing so many forests here in America. After receiving the letter, President Roosevelt and John Muir embark on a camping trip to explore the different forests and pieces of land our country had to offer. Once he saw the beauty of this land, President Roosevelt took action to protect our wildlife in America. During this journey, President Roosevelt and John Muir discover what is now known as Yosemite National Park. This book teaches the importance of taking care of our land and our National Parks, and teaches readers that one persons’ actions can make a lasting impact for the world we live in.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**__Content Statement__:** Biographies can show how people's actions have shaped the world in which we live.
 * __Grade__:** 1
 * __Strand__:** History
 * __Topic__:** Historical Thinking and Skills

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Camping Trip that Changed America Reinforcing Activity

//John McCutcheon (2006). Peachtree Publishers.// //Illustrated by Henri Sorensen.//
 * __Christmas in the Trenches__**

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">After the yearly family Christmas dinner, Nora and Thomas Tulliver curl up with their grandpa as he tells about a special experience: his favorite war hero memory he had fighting in World War I. After long, frightening, and arduous warring, he finds out that he will be spending his Christmas in the trenches with the troops. However, amidst the deathly silence in the trenches on Christmas Eve of 1914, a very unexpected thing happens. The fighting Germans and Americans begin singing and playing music together, sharing stories, having a ball game, and admiring a homemade Christmas tree right in the middle of No Man’s Land. This special experience shows the true human connection between people no matter what differences do exist. When the morning arises, the troops once again return to their separate sides and resume the fighting in the trenches, but all the while remembering their special experience.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**__Content Statement__:** 2. Photographs, letters, artifacts and books can be used to learn about the past.
 * __Grade__:** 1
 * __Strand__:** History
 * __Topic__:** Historical Thinking and Skills

Christmas in the Trenches Reinforcing Activity

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Finding Winnie: The True Story of the World’s Most Famous Bear **__ //Lindsay Mattick (2015). Little, Brown Books for Young Readers.// //Illustrated by Sophie Blackall.//

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">In 1914, Harry Colebourn, a veterinarian, was called to World War I from Winnipeg, Canada. This retelling of the journey of Winnie, the baby bear that Colebourn rescued and named after his hometown, is told by his great-granddaughter to her son as a bedtime story. Soon after Colebourn left Winnie safely at the London zoo, she met a boy, Christopher Robin, who named his teddy bear after her. This is the true story of how “Winnie-the-Pooh” came to be the famous, loved bear that it is today.

__**Grade:**__ 1 __**Topic:**__ Historical Thinking and Skills <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">__**Content Statement:**__ Photographs, letters, artifacts and books can be used to learn about the past.
 * __Theme:__** Families Now and Long Ago, Near and Far

Finding Winnie Reinforcing Activity

__**The Great Big Book of Families**__ //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Mary Hoffman (2010). Dial Books for Young Readers. // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Illustrated by Ros Asquith. //

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">This book celebrates the new “traditional family” by explaining how families come in all different sizes, genders, and ethnicities. These modern families are distinguished for their uniqueness and authenticity. As the book continues, each spread explains how families can differ by where they live, the holidays they celebrate, the food they eat, clothes they wear, their feelings, and their family trees. The illustrations complete the book with family framed photographs and creative borders.

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade **__**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1 __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand **__**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">History __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic **__**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Historical Thinking and Skills __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Standard **__**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Photographs, letters, and artifacts and books can be used to learn about the past.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Great Big Book of Families Reinforcing Activity

__**One Million Men And Me**__ //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Kelly Starling Lyons (2007). Just Us Books Inc. // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Illustrated by Peter Ambush. //

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">This book walks you through a major historical event: The Million Man March. This movement was a pivotal point for Black America. This book shares the experience of The Million Man March from the perspective of a little girl who attended with her father. It is a truly inspirational story about such a powerful day that was shared by many. The day of the March is still marked as the day Black men made history. It also sheds a light on the meaningful bond between father and daughter.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">__**Content Statement**__**:** 2. Photographs, letters, artifacts, and books can be used to learn about the past.
 * __Grade__:** 1
 * __Theme__:** Families Now and Long Ago, Near and Far
 * __Topic__:** Heritage

One Million Men And Me Remembering Activity

__**Shooting at the Stars**__ //John Hendrix (2014). Abrams Books for Young Readers.//

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">This book is written as if the main character, a young boy, is writing a letter home to his mother while fighting in World War I. He is describing what life in the trenches is like and how everyone paused their fighting on Christmas day in 1914. He describes the day of peace and how all of the soldiers set aside their difference to celebrate the holiday in his letter, but in the end says how they had to go back to fighting the next day.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**__Content statement__:** 2. Photographs, letters, artifacts, and books can be used to learn about the past
 * __Grade__:** 1
 * __Strand__:** History
 * __Topic__:** Historical thinking and skills

Shooting at the Stars Reinforcing Activity

__**Stagecoach Sal**__ //Deborah Hopkinson (2009). Hyperion.// //Illustrated by Ellis Carson.//

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Stagecoach Sal is a fictional picture book based on the true tale and events of Delia Haskett Rawson. She was the first and possibly only woman to carry the U.S. mail by stagecoach in California in the late 1800s. Sal is known for her beautiful singing voice, as throughout the story she introduces and sings many American folk songs. These songs wrap around the pages which show different pictures of Sal traveling through the country. It had always been Sal’s dream to drive the stagecoach without her father. She wanted a chance to do it herself, so when her father fell into a hornet’s nest, this was her chance. However, her parents were worried of the notorious “Poetic Pete” crossing trails with Sal. Poetic Pete was known for charming his way into stagecoaches to rob them. Sal kept this in mind when she ran into him on her journey. She used her wits and beautiful singing voice to keep him busy and even sung him to sleep. This allowed her to bring him to a jailhouse before continuing on her way! Sal was well-known for her singing, riding, roping and shooting skills that allowed her to be so successful in driving her family’s stagecoach.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**__Strand__:** History <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**__Topic__:** Heritage <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**__Content Statement__:** Biographies can show how peoples’ actions have shaped the world as it is today. The actions of individuals and groups have made a difference in the lives of others.
 * __Grade__:** 1

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Stagecoach Sal Reinforcing Activity


 * <span style="color: olive; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt; line-height: 1.5;">Second Grade: **

//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Richard Michelson (2008). Alfred A. Knopf. // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Illustrated by Raul Colon. //
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">As Good as Anybody __**

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">This is a story about fighting for equality. Martin Luther king Jr. who is closed off by his community because he is African American and Abraham Heschel who is closed off by his community for being Jewish come together and use their personal experiences to fight against discrimination.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">__**Grade:**__ 2 __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand: **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">History __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Heritage __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Biographies can show how peoples’ actions have shaped the world in which we live.

As Good as Anybody Reinforcing Activity

__<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;">**The Wall** __ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">//Eve Bunting (1990). Houghton Mifflin Company.// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">//Illustrated by Ronald Himler.// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">This is the story of a little boy and his father. They have come from far away to visit the Vietnam Memorial in Washington and find the name of the boy's grandfather. Other visitors pass by, searching for the names of their loved ones. Finally, the father's fingers stop moving along the wall. "Here he is," he says. This restrained yet moving picture book deals with the lasting impact of the Vietnam War. It's a good story for Memorial Day, Veteran's Day, or any other day when children and grownups are thinking about war.


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade __ ****<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 2
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand __ ****<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> History
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic __ ****<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Historical Thinking and Skills
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement __ ****<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: ** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2. Photographs, letters, artifacts and books can be used to learn about the past.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Wall - Reinforcing Activity

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">// Elizabeth MacLeod (1999). Kids Can Press. // <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">While Alexander Graham Bell is most famous for his invention of the telephone, he had other important inventions as well. One example is his work with instruments for the hearing impaired, as he was friends with Helen Keller. The book also includes early sketches of some of his work along with interesting facts about his life.
 * __ Alexander Graham Bell: An Inventive Life __ **


 * __Grade:__ ** 2
 * __Theme:__ ** People Working Together
 * __Topic:__ ** Heritage
 * __Content Statement:__ ** 3. Science and technology have changed daily life. 4. Biographies can show how peoples' actions have shaped the world in which we live.


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Alexander Graham Bell Reinforcing Activity **

//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lesa Cline-Ransome (2014). Holiday House Books. // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Illustrated by James E. Ransome. //
 * __Benny Goodman & Teddy Wilson: Taking the Stage as the First Black-and-White Jazz Band in History__ **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Two musicians growing up during the 1920’s both find a passion for music. Benny mastered the clarinet, while Teddy practiced the piano. While both boys learned the art of jazz music, there was something that separated them: Benny played with all white bands, while Teddy performed with all black bands. Only offstage did people of different color play together. That all changed when the two come together to record swing music. They break the color barrier when they decide to perform on stage together in 1936, making them the first black-and-white jazz band in history.


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 2
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand: __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> History
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Theme: __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> People Working Together
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Heritage
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Biographies can show how peoples’ actions have shaped the world in which we live

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Benny Goodman & Teddy Wilson Reinforcing Activity

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> //Emily Arnold McCully (1996). Dial Books.// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Rebecca is only ten, yet she works all day long in a hot and noisy cotton mill in Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1830s. She's grateful to have the chance to help her struggling family, but not all the girls at her boardinghouse are happy about their jobs at the mill. This book evokes an era when American women began to stun the world with their independence as wage earners, and their fight for women's rights.
 * __The Bobbin Girl__ **


 * __Grade:__ ** 2
 * __Theme:__ ** People Working Together
 * __Topic:__ ** Heritage
 * __Content Statement:__ ** 3. Science and technology have changed daily life. 4. Biographies can show how peoples' actions have shaped the world in which we live.

The Bobbin Girl Reinforcing Activity

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">//Vaunda Micheaux Nelson (2009). Carolrhoda Books.// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">This book tells the life story of Bass Reeves, a former slave who was a Deputy U.S. Marshal for over three decades in what later became the state of Oklahoma. Bass, who never learned how to read, was a highly respected lawman who made more than 3,000 arrests during his career. Through a high-energy storyline, Bass Reeves’ actions come to life and readers learn how he broke barriers, consistently stood up for justice, and is an example of the often overlooked presence of African Americans of the Old West.
 * __Bad News for Outlaws: The Remarkable Life of Bass Reeves, Deputy U.S. Marshal__ **


 * __Grade:__ ** 2
 * __Theme:__ ** People Working Together
 * __Topic:__ ** Historical Thinking and Skills, Heritage
 * __Content Statement:__ ** 2. Change over time can be shown with artifacts, maps, and photographs. 4. Biographies can show how peoples' actions have shaped the world in which we live.


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Bad News for Outlaws Reinforcing Activity **

// Aaron Reynolds (2010). Philomel. Floyd C //// ooper, illustrator. //
 * __ Back of the Bus __ **

This is the story of a mother and child in Montgomery, Alabama who are riding in the back of the bus where they were suppose to be. To pass time the boy rolls his marbles up and down the isle of the bus until a large commotion starts at the front of the bus. From here this book recaptures the courageous act of Rosa Parks through the eyes of a child. The beautiful illustrations of this book will give students a first hand view of the event.


 * __ Grade: __ ** 2
 * __ Theme: __ ** People Working Together
 * __ Topic: __ ** Heritage
 * __ Content Statement: __ ** 4. Biographies can show how peoples' actions have shaped the world in which we live.


 * Content Activity Needed **

__**The Blessing Cup**__
 * //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Patricia Polacco (2013). Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers. //**

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Patricia Polacco tells the story of how her family made their way to America from Russia. The family is pushed out of Russia by the czar soldiers who order them out. On their way, they have limited space, but one of the few items they bring is a china tea set. This “magical” tea set reminds their family through the pain and hardship of blessings, love, and encouragement to go on. As a gift to a generous doctor who helps them on their journey, the family leaves the doctor the china tea set with the exception of one cup. This cup remains in their family as it is passed down from generation to generation as a reminder of the stories and love the family has received.


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 2
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Theme: __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> People Working Together
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Heritage
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 4. Biographies can show how peoples’ actions have shaped the world in which we live.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Blessing Cup Reinforcing Activity

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">//Pamela Duncan Edwards (2005). Houghton Mifflin.// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">//Illustrated by Danny Shanahan.// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">This is an introduction to Rosa Parks’ life in Alabama when it was a "Jim Crow" state with strict rules segregating people by race. The small sketches of several children help to illustrate and clarify the text. The repetition of “...because one woman was brave” underscores Rosa Parks’ impact as a part of the Civil Rights Movement.
 * __The Bus Ride that Changed Everything: The Story of Rosa Parks__ **


 * __Grade:__ ** 2
 * __Theme:__ ** People Working Together
 * __Topic:__ ** Heritage
 * __Content Statement:__ ** 4. Biographies can show how peoples' actions have shaped the world in which we live.


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Bus Ride the Changed Everything Reinforcing Activity **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> //Tomek Bogacki// //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">(2009) Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. // <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">As a young boy growing up in Warsaw, Poland in the late 1880s Henryk Goldszmit imagined that if he were king he could help all the poor hungry children he saw on the streets. He became a well-known physician and writer. Later, under his pen name Janusz Korczak, he opened an orphanage for Jewish children that became a caring community. That all changed drastically when the Nazis invaded Poland and decreed that Dr. Korczak, the children, and staff had to move into the crowded ghetto and wear armbands and symbols on their clothing that identified them as Jews. Although his friends and the Zegota [Relief Council for Jews] underground organization offered to help him escape, Dr. Korczak refused to leave the children, and in 1942 he led them to the train and went with them to the Treblinka extermination camp, where he was killed.
 * __The Champion of Children: The Story of Janusz Korczak__ **


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 2
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Theme: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> People Working Together
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Heritage
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 4. Biographies can show how peoples' actions have shaped the world in which we live.


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Champion of Children Reinforcing Activity **

// Yin (2003). Puffin. // Shek marvels at the new world as he and his brother, Little Wong, arrive in California. Along with hundreds of other workers, the brothers are going to build a great railroad across the West. They plan to save enough money so that their mother and little brothers can join them in America. But as days grow into months, they endure many hardships-exhausting work, discrimination, and treacherous avalanches. Inspired by actual events, this story reveals the harsh truth about life for the Chinese railroad workers in 1865.
 * __Coolies__ **


 * __Grade:__ ** 2
 * __Theme:__ ** Heritage
 * __Topic:__ ** People Working Together
 * __Content Statement:__ ** 3. Science and technology have changed daily life. 4. Biographies can show how peoples' actions have shaped the world in which we live.


 * Content Activity Needed **

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Elizabeth Leads the Way: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Right to Vote **__ //Tanya Lee Stone (2009). Henry Holt and Company.// //Illustrated by Rebecca Gibbon.//

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Elizabeth Cady is only four years old when she first learns that life is better for boys. Throughout her childhood, she becomes horrified of how unfair the laws are for women. She decides that she can change this and conquers many things that only men had done before. In 1848, she leads the way for women, and starts the movement for women’s suffrage.

__**Grade:**__ Second __**Strand:**__ History __**Topic:**__ Heritage __**Content Statement:**__ 4. Biographies can show how peoples’ actions have shaped the world in which we live.

Elizabeth Leads the Way Reinforcing Activity

//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Mara Rockliff (2015). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. // //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Illustrated by Vincent X. Kirsch. //
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Gingerbread for Liberty! __**

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">A gingerbread baker wants to help when the Revolutionary War hits America. His baked goods are known throughout Philadelphia, but can he use his baking to make a bigger impact on the war? George Washington and the baker team up to see what can be done.


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 2
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand: __** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">History
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: __** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">People Working Together
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: __** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Change over time can be shown with artifacts, maps, and photographs.

Gingerbread for Liberty! Reinforcing Activity

__**Marching With Aunt Susan**__ //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Claire Rudolf Murphy (2011). Peachtree Publishers. // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Illustrated by Stacey Schuett. //

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">A young girl named Bessie is fed up with being treated differently because she is a girl. All she wants is to have the same opportunities that men do, so when she hears about Susan B. Anthony, or Aunt Susan as she liked to be called, she is inspired. Bessie becomes involved in the women’s suffrage movement and works to support Aunt Susan and her push for equal rights. Marching with Aunt Susan is based on letters from a real 10 year old, who lived in California in 1896, who was involved with the women’s suffrage movement.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**Grade:** 2 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**Theme:** People Working Together <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**Strand:** History <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**Topic:** Heritage <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**Content Statement:** 4. Biographies can show how peoples’ actions have shaped the word in which we live.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Marching With Aunt Susan Reinforcing Activity

__**Miss Mary Reporting**__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;"> //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sue Macy (2016). Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers. // //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Illustrated by C.F. Payne. //

//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Miss Mary Reporting //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> is a Children’s Book about a true story of Mary Garber, one of the first women that were successful as a sport’s reporter. It takes the reader through her struggles of finding success as a writer, and how she never gave up in the face of adversity. She even began to have a respect for Jackie Robinson when following his career from the very beginning. Mary Barber changed the world with her perseverance and desire to do what she desired no matter how society reacted.

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: **__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 2 __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand: **__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> History __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: **__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Heritage __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statements: **__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Biographies can show how people’s actions have shaped the world in which we live.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Miss Mary Reporting Reinforcing Activity

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Many of the organizations and items we encounter in everyday life can be contributed to Benjamin Franklin. Franklin set up many organizations that did not exist and used his intelligence and common sense to invent objects and suggest new ideas. Franklin never patented his creations because he wanted them to be free for others to use and improve upon. This book by Gene Barretta enhances our knowledge and appreciation of Benjamin Franklin, a truly influential figure in America’s history.
 * __ Now and Ben: The Modern Inventions of Benjamin Franklin __ **
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">//Gene Barretta// //(2006) Henry Holt and Company.// **

__<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**Grade**: __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 2 __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**Topic**: __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Heritage
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Theme: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> People Working Together
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 4. Biographies can show how peoples' actions have shaped the world in which we live.

Now and Ben Reinforcing Activity


 * __One Green Apple__ **



<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">//One Green Apple// is a story about a girl named Farah who just moved to America. She struggles speaking English and feels very different than her fellow classmates. One day, her class takes a field trip to an apple orchard and she realizes many sounds in America are similar to her old home. Farah discovers the similarities between her two homes and feels more comfortable after speaking her first English word, the first of many, in front of her classmates.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">//Eve Bunting (2006) Clarion Books, Ted Lewin Illustrator// **


 * __ Grade: __ ** 2
 * __Strand:__ ** Geography
 * __Topic:__ ** Human Systems
 * __ Content Statement: __ ** 9. Interactions among cultures lead to sharing ways of life.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**Content Activity Needed**

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> // Nikki Giovanni (2005). Henry Holt and Company, LLC. Bryan Collier, illustrator. // This picture book tribute to Rose Parks is a celebration of her courageous action and the events that followed. This book explains to children why Rosa is so important and famous in today’s society. The book is centered on the events that set off the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Fifty-seven years after her refusal to give up her seat on a bus, Rosa Parks is still one of the most important figures in the American Civil Rights movement.
 * __Rosa__ **

__ **Grade**: __ 2 __ **Theme**: __ People Working Together __ **Topic**: __ Heritage __ **Content Statement**: __ 4. Biographies can show people’s actions have shaped the world in which we live.

__ ROSA Reinforcing Activity __

__ //**So**// //**Fa**////**r From the Sea**// __

// Eve Bunting (1998) Houghton Mifflin Company. Chris K. Soentpiet, illustrator. // This book is a beautiful, informative, and poignant picture book that tells the story of a family going to visit the grave of their grandfather, who died at the Manzanar Relocation Center during World War II. Chris Soentpiet is the illustrator, and just like in // Coolies //, his drawings convey a wealth of historical information. Historically, the basics of the whys and hows of the Japanese internment are explained in this story.

__ **Content Statement:** __ 4. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Biographies can show how peoples' actions have shaped the world in which we live.
 * __ Grade: __ ** 2
 * __Theme:__ ** People working together
 * __Topic:__ ** Heritage

// So Far From the Sea Reinforcing Activity //

__<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**The Story of Ruby Bridges** __ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> // Robert Coles (2004). Scholastic, Inc. // // Illustrated by George Ford. // <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">In 1960, Ruby began attending first-grade at Frantz Elementary School. She was the first black child to attend an all white elementary school. Ruby is truly a brave six-year-old child, as she had to face the hostility of many white parents.


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade __ ****<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 2
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand __ ****<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> History
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic __ ****<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Heritage
 * __ Content Statement: __ ** 4. Biographies can show how peoples’ actions have shaped the world in which we live.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Story of Ruby Bridges Reinforcing Activity

__<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**Veterans Day** __

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Mir Tamin Ansary (1999). Reed Educational & Professional Publishing. //

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">It is November 11 and school is closed. But do you know why? It's Veterans Day, of course? Turn the pages of this book to find out: why veterans wear flowers on Veterans Day, what happens at the eleventh hour, on the eleventh day, of the eleventh month each year, who were the Axis Powers.

__ **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: ** __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 2 __ **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Theme: ** __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> People Working Together __ **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: ** __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Heritage __ **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: ** __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 4. Biographies can show how peoples' actions have shaped the world in which we live.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Veterans Day- Reinforcing Activity

**<span style="color: olive; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt; line-height: 1.5;">Third Grade: **

//Byrd Baylor (1986). Aladdin.// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Based on memories of her father, Baylor tells of the small Texas town in which her father grew up. It is a Utopian society with perfection at every turn. His stories of the food he ate, the times he had and the people he knew make for an engaging read.
 * __The Best Town in the World__ **


 * __Grade:__ ** 3
 * __Theme:__ ** Communities: Past and Present, Near and Far
 * __Topic:__ ** Heritage
 * __Content Statement:__ ** 3. Local communities change over time.


 * The Best Town in the World Reinforcing Activity **


 * __ Freedom's Fruit __ **

// William H. Hooks (1996). Alfred A. Knopf INC. // This book tells the story of how an older female slave known as a conjurer uses her magic to trick her master and buy the freedom of her daughter and the man she loves. This story tells of the struggles slaves had to go through to survive everyday life and the trials they faced in their attempts to gain freedom. The story is based off of conjure tales author William H. Hooks had heard in his childhood while living Carolina. Although to him, these tales seemed much more real than spells and magic may appear.

**__Topic:__** Heritage

 * __Content Statement:__ ** Local Communities change over time.

<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9.5pt;">Freedom's Fruit Reinforcement Activity

__ **Freedom Summer** __ // Deborah Wiles (2005). Aladdin. // Joe and John Henry are a lot alike. They both like shooting marbles, they both want to be firemen, and they both love to swim. But there's one important way they're different: Joe is white and John Henry is black and in the South in 1964, that means John Henry isn't allowed to do everything his best friend is able to do.

__ **Grade:** __ 3 __ **Theme:** __ Communities: Past and Present, Near and Far __ **Topic:** __ Heritage __ **Content Statement:** __ 3. Local communities change over time.


 * Content Activity Needed **

__ **Henry and The Kite Dragon** __ // Bruce Edward Hall. (2004). Penguin Young Readers Group. William Low, illustrator. // The kids from Chinatown know not to go to park when the kids from Little Italy are there. The Chinese kids and the Italian kids do not get along. Henry and his friends from Chinatown start flying kites in the park and the Italians start to throw rocks at the kites. The two groups begin to clash with one another. This is a tale of two different cultures coming together and common ground.


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 3
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">History
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Heritage
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3. Local communities change over time.


 * Content Activity Needed **

__<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**If America Were a Village: A Book about the People of the United States** __

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">//David J. Smith (2009). Kids Can Press.// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">"If America Were a Village" defines America by presenting a snapshot of its past, present and future. The author uses the metaphor of a village of 100 people to represent America’s population of 300 million, thereby helping children to more easily understand its make-up. Topics explored include family make-up, religions, jobs, ages, wealth, items owned, energy and water use, and health. Comparisons are sometimes made with historical data to show change and with worldwide numbers for contrast. Illustrations are bold and lively and help show America’s diversity. Lively, cheerful acrylic paintings depict the diversity of our country in a somewhat idealized manner that suits the all-inclusive tone of the book. "If America Were a Village" is a sequel to the international bestseller "If the World Were a Village."

__ **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: ** __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 3 __ **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Theme: ** __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Communities: Past and Present, Near and Far __ **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: ** __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Heritage __ **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: ** __<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 3. Local communities change over time.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">If America Were a Village Reinforcing Activity

__**Looking at Lincoln**__ // Kalman, Maira (2012). Nancy Paulsen. //

This book mainly talks about the life of Abraham Lincoln, from where he grew up, his family, and fun little facts that most people wouldn’t know about him. The book also talks about things that he loves, such as Mozart, apples, and his dog. The book also mentions Sojourner Truth and Frederick Douglass to introduce the idea of slaves and how Lincoln was opposed. Finally, the Civil War is introduced to the book. It is mainly very vague, but it does describe the two sides and how they disagreed on the right to own slaves, it mentions the Gettysburg Address, and even the very first person who was killed during the war. After the war ended, it talks about the assassination of Lincoln, but if you visit Washington D.C. you will forever we able to visit Abraham Lincoln at his memorial.

Grade: 3 Strand: History Topic: Historical Thinking and Skills Content Statement: Photographs, letters, artifacts, and books can be used to learn about the past

Looking at Lincoln Reinforcing Activity

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">My Country, ‘Tis of Thee- How One Song Reveals the History of Civil Rights **__ //Claire Rudolph Murphy (2014). Henry Holt and Company, LLC.// //Illustrated by Bryan Collier.//

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">This book tells the story of the progression of civil rights in American history. This is described through the various lyric changes in the song “My Country, ‘Tis of Thee.”

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">__**Grade:**__ 3 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">__**Strand:**__ History <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">__**Topic:**__ Civil Rights <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">__**Content Statement:**__ Primary sources such as artifacts, maps and photographs can be used to show change over time.

My Country, 'Tis of Thee Reinforcing Activity


 * __ Not So Very Long Ago: Life in a Small Country Village __ **



//Phillippe Fix (1994). Dutton Juvenile.//This book helps the reader understand life as it would have been lived by two children in the mid-1800s. The text follows them as they run errands for their mother, attend school, visit their grandmother’s farm, and go about other regular daily chores; the superb illustrations provide excellent details for students to study.
 * __Grade:__ ** 3
 * __Theme:__ ** Communities: Past and Present, Near and Far
 * __Topic:__ ** Heritage
 * __Content Statement:__ ** 3. Local communities change over time.


 * Not So Very Long Ago Reinforcing Activity **

//Kathryn Lasky (2000). Candlewick Press.// //Illustrated by Nneka Bennett.//
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Vision of Beauty: The Story of Sarah Breedlove Walker __**

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sarah Breedlove Walker was born into poverty to a family of former slaves. When her hair began to fall out due to a life filled with hard labor and poor nutrition, she took it upon herself to create a line of hair-care products for colored women to heal their hair. By the time she passed away, she had become an accomplished businesswoman, as well as on of the richest colored Americans of that time.

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3 __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand: **__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> History __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Theme: **__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> People Working Together __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: **__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Heritage __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: **__<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Biographies can show how people’s actions have shaped the world in which we live.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Vision of Beauty Reinforcing Activity

 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: olive; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt;">**Fourth Grade:**


 * __ Sweet Clara and the Freedom Quilt __ **

// Deborah Hopkinson (1993) Alfred A Knopf Inc. // // Illustrated by James Ransome //

As a seamstress in the Big House, Clara dreams of a reunion with her Momma, who lives on another plantation--and even of running away to freedom. Then she overhears two slaves talking about the Underground Railroad. In a flash of inspiration, Clara sees how she can use the cloth in her scrap bag to make a map of the land--a freedom quilt--that no master will ever suspect.


 * __ Grade: __ ** 4
 * __ Theme: __ ** Ohio in the United States
 * __ Topic: __ ** Historical Thinking and Skills
 * __ Content Statement: __ ** 1. The order of significant events in Ohio and the United States can be shown on a timeline.

Sweet Clara and the Freedom Quilt Activity Reinforcing

//<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ken Mochizuki (1993). Lee and Low Books. Dom ////<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lee, illustrator. //
 * __Baseball Saved Us__ **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In this story, the inhabitants of one of the internment camps for Japanese-Americans during World War II decides to build a ball field to give everyone something to do. The narrator of the story relates an incident where the staring gaze of the guard in the tower made him angry enough to hit the ball out of the park for a home-run. Years later, when he was out of the camp, but not away from the prejudices of the war, the staring gaze of the pitcher on a little league team and the cry “Jap” from the crowd brings back the memory of the internment camp. It also brings back the determination that produced the winning hit. Once more, the ball is knocked out of the park for a home-run.


 * __Grade:__ ** 4
 * __Theme:__ ** Ohio in the United States
 * __Topic:__ ** Historical Thinking and Skills
 * __Content Statement:__ ** 2. Primary and secondary sources can be used to create historical narratives.


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Baseball Saved Us Reinforcing Activity **

// Gavin Curtis (1998). Simon and Schuster Books. E. B. Lewis, Illustrator. // Reginald is serious about playing his violin but his father, who coaches "the worst team in the Negro National League," the Dukes, believes his son would use his time more wisely by serving as bat boy for the team. After a couple of humorous disasters, the child becomes an unusual bat boy who plays his violin in the dugout to urge the players on, while his father takes care of the equipment. Ultimately, the Dukes' success and appreciation for Reginald's talents make his father alter his view of violin playing and find pride in his son's achievements. Lewis's soft watercolor illustrations portray the characters with depth and beauty, resulting in a very special book.
 * __The Bat Boy and His Violin__ **

__ **Grade:** __ 4 __ **Theme** __ : Ohio in the United States __ **Topic** __ : Historical Thinking and Skills __ **Content Statement** __ : 2. Primary and secondary sources can be used to create historical narratives.


 * __The Bat Boy and His Violin Reinforcing Activity__ **


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Earthquake! A Day That Changed America __ **



//<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Shelley Tanaka (2004). The Madison Press Limited. // //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Paintings by David Craig. //

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">It's 1906 and you're in San Francisco. All of a sudden, the earth begins to shake! Multiple personal accounts are recalled, letting you step into the shoes of a fisherman, young girl, young boy, firefighter, and more! Earthquakes are explained and vivid illustrations and photographs add to the life-like feel of the story.


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 4
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">History
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Historical Thinking and Skills
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: __ ** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2. Primary and secondary sources can be used to create historical narratives.


 * Content Activity Needed **

// Cathy Moore (2002). Carolrhoda Books Inc //. // The Daring Escape of Ellen Craft // is a story about a woman slave named Ellen Craft and her husband, William, who come up with a plan to escape to Philadelphia (a free city in the North). In order for the plan to work successfully however, Ellen must dress and act like a white man, and William must behave as her black slave. By cutting off her hair, tying bandages around her face, and putting a sling around her arm, (so it is not discovered that she doesn't know how to write) Ellen is able to pull off the scheme. After several close calls and fearful experiences of being discovered as runaway slaves, Ellen and her husband finally make it to Philadelphia on Christmas morning where they can be free and start a family.
 * __The Daring Escape of Ellen Craft__ **


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 4
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">History
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Heritage
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">7. Sectional issues divided the United States after the War of 1812. Ohio played a key role in these issues, particularly with the anti-slavery movement and the Underground Railroad.


 * The Daring Escape of Ellen Craft Reinforcing Activity **

// Susan Goldman Rubin (2007). Abrams Books for Young Readers. // // Illustrated by David Slonim. //
 * __ Haym Salomon: American Patriot __**

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This book tells the story of Haym Salomon, a Jewish immigrant, and his expedition to help America. The beginning of this book introduces Haym and talks a little about his life and why he is in America. It continues to tell about his journey of helping America during the American Revolution. This story embarks on a remarkable journey of a man in history who helped George Washington to win the battle against the British and become an honorary name in history.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**__Grade:__** 4 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**__Theme:__** Ohio in the United States <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**__Topic:__** Heritage <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**__Content Statement:__** 4. The 13 colonies came together around a common cause of liberty and justice, uniting to fight for independence during the American Revolution and to form a new nation.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Haym Salomon Reinforcing Activity

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">//Jeanette Winter (1992). Knopf Publishing Group.// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">An old sailor, Peg Leg Joe, teaches a group of slaves a song about the drinking gourd, or the big dipper. This song tells them how to find and follow the Underground Railroad, which would lead them to freedom.
 * __ Follow the Drinking Gourd __ **


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 4
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">History
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Heritage
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">7. Sectional issues divided the United States after the War of 1812. Ohio played a key role in these issues, particularly with the anti-slavery movement and the Underground Railroad.


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Follow the Drinking Gourd Reinforcing Activity **

__**Unspoken: A Story from the Underground Railroad**__ //<span style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Henry Cole (2012). Scholastic Press. //

//<span style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Unspoken //<span style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> is a story about a girl discovering a runaway slave hiding in her family’s corn field. She first found him hiding while she was getting eggs from the chicken coop. She starts worrying about the boy and wants to help him. After dinner one night she brought him bread and water. Her mother was inside waiting for her to get back. The next day men came to the house in search of a slave that escaped and the family said nothing. The men left finding nothing. The girl quickly ran out to the corn field to see if the boy was still there and all that was left was a doll made out of corn. The story ends with the girl laying in her bed looking up at the North Star.


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 4
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand: __** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">History
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: __** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Underground Railroad
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: __** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">7. Sectional issues divided the United States after the War of 1812. Ohio played a key role in these issues, particularly with the anti-slavery movement and the Underground Railroad.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Unspoken Reinforcing Activity


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: olive; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt;">Fifth Grade: **


 * __ The Discovery of the Americas __ **

//Betsy and Giulio Maestro (1992). Harper Trophy.//This book takes a fairly comprehensive look at those explorers who may have or were known to have come to North America beginning with the Ice Age. Both hypothetical and historical voyages of the discovery of America are examined including those by the Phoenicians, Saint Brendan of Ireland, the Vikings, and many of the later European navigators. __ **Content Statement**: __ 1. Multiple-tier timelines can be used to show relationships among events and places.
 * __Grade:__ ** 5
 * __Theme:__ ** Regions and People of the Western Hemisphere
 * __Topic:__ ** Historical Thinking and Skills

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Discovery of the Americas Reinforcing Activity

__ **Teammates** __ //Peter Golenbock (1990). Gulliver Books.////Illustrated by Paul Bacon.// This book tells the story of Jackie Robinson’s difficult first season with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947 as he pioneered as the first African-American to play professional baseball. The strength and perseverance of Jackie Robinson is retold as well as the courage of Pee Wee Reese, a southern-born white teammate, who was among the first to publicly support his friend.


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade __ ****<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 5
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand __ ****<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> History
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic __ ****<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Historical Thinking and Skills
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. Multiple-tier timelines can be used to show relationships among events and places.

Teammates Reinforcing Activity

__ **Sit-In: How Four Friends Stood Up By Sitting Down** __ // Andrea Davis Pinkney (2010). Little, Brown Books for Young Readers. // // Illustrated by Brian Pinkney. // Through effectively chosen words, Andrea Pinkney brings understanding and meaning to what four black college students accomplished on February 1, 1960, by sitting down at a Woolworth lunch counter in Greensboro, NC. Her repeated phrase, "Their order was simple. A doughnut and coffee with cream on the side," along with other food metaphors, effectively emphasizes the men's determination to undo the injustices of segregation in a peaceful protest, which eventually led up to the 1966 Supreme Court ruling against racial discrimination. With swirling swabs of color that masterfully intertwine with sometimes thin, sometimes thick lines, Brian Pinkney cleverly centers the action and brings immediacy to the pages. Both the words and the art offer many opportunities for discussion. The book concludes with a civil rights time line and an update on the aftermath of the lunch-counter struggle.

**__Strand:__** History
 * __ Grade: __ ** 5
 * __Topic:__ ** Historical Thinking and Skills
 * __ Content Statement: __ ** 1. Multiple-tier timelines can be used to show relationships among events and places.

Sit-In Reinforcing Activity

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> //<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Bruchac, Joseph (1996). Puffinbooks. // <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small;">In this short chapter book set in a Mohawk village of the late 1400s, eleven-year-old twins are caught up against their will in a dangerous rivalry. Ohkwa'ri and his twin sister are among the most admired young people in their village. But when an older boy named Grabber is overheard planning a raid with his buddies, Ohkwa'ri heads straight to the village elders. Grabber and his friends now have it out for Ohkwa'ri and will try and hurt him during the great lacrosse game in their village. The twins believe in the path of peace, but can peaceful ways prevail against Grabber and his gang? This is a coming of age story that every young mind will enjoy.
 * __Children of the Longhouse__ **


 * __Grade:__ ** 5
 * __Theme:__ ** Early Civilizations
 * __Topic:__ ** Religions and People of the Western Hemisphere
 * __Content Statement:__ ** 2. Early Indian Civilizations existed in the Western Hemisphere prior to the arrival of Europeans. These civilizations had developed unique governments, social structures, religions, technologies, and agricultural practices and products.


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Children of the Longhouse Reinforcing Activity **


 * __Eagle Song__ **

// Joseph Bruchac (1999). Penguin Young Reader’s Group. // // Illustrated by Dan Andreason. //

When young Danny’s family moves to Brooklyn, New York from a Mohawk Reservation, many of the kids in his class make fun of him for being Indian. All his life this identity has made him proud. Now he must struggle to cope with the teasing that comes with his new school setting.
 * __Grade:__ ** 5
 * __Theme:__ ** Regions and People of the Western Hemisphere
 * __Topic:__ ** Heritage
 * __Content Statement:__ ** 3. European exploration and colonization had lasting effects which can be used to understand the Western Hemisphere today.


 * Eagle Song Reinforcing Activity **

__<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**A River Ran Wild** __ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">//Lynne Cherry (1992). Harcourt Brace.// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">//A River Ran Wild// begins with the Nashaway Indians settling upon the banks of a river. They think of themselves as part of nature and are grateful for the clean drinking water and the fish that the river provides them. The European colonists bring with them a very different value system: they think of the trees, water, and other resources as a set of commodities to buy and sell for profit.

__ **Grade:** __ Level: 5 __ **Theme:** __ Regions and People of the Western Hemisphere __ **Topic:** __ Heritage __ **Content Statement:** __ European exploration and colonization had lasting effects which can be used to understand the Western Hemisphere today.


 * Content Activity Needed **

//Scott Russell Sanders (1995). Aladdin.// In 1815, the McClure family floats down the Ohio River in a flatboat loaded with all their worldly possessions. They are looking for Jeffersonville, Indiana where they will build their new home. Each day brings new adventure as the family floats past key cities along the Ohio River. As they get closer, children Mary and Jonathan wonder the timeless question—"when will we get there?" A map of the territory they cover is provided on the inside cover.
 * __The Floating House__ **
 * __Grade:__ ** 5
 * __Theme:__ ** Regions and People of the Western Hemisphere
 * __Topic:__ ** Heritage
 * __Content Statement:__ ** 3. European exploration and colonization had lasting effects which can be used to understand the Western Hemisphere today.


 * The Floating House Reinforcing Activity **

__<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**Railroad Fever** __

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">//Monica Halpern (2004). National Geographic Childrens Books.// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Here is the gripping account of the fever that swept the nation for four decades, culminating in the completion of the transcontinental railroad at Promontory Point, Utah, in 1869. Through lively text, period paintings, and vintage photographs, Railroad Fever vividly recounts the struggle of the stalwart laborers, many of whom were Chinese immigrants; the intrusion into Native American lands and the resulting feuds; and the ultimate impact the railroad had on the geographic and economic complexion of America. With an engaging and visually appealing format, the story provides children with an accurate understanding of western expansion and the industrial revolution.

__ **Grade:** __ 5 __ **Theme:** __ U.S. Studies from 1492 to 1877: Exploration through Reconstruction __ **Topic:** __ Expansion __ **Content Statement:** __ 8. Westward expansion contributed to economic and industrial development, debates over sectional issues, war with Mexico, and the displacement of American Indians.

Railroad Fever Reinforcing Activity


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: olive; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt;">Sixth Grade: **


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: olive; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt;">Seventh Grade: **

// Eric Heuvel (2009) Fararr, Straus, and Giroux //
 * __A Family Secret__ **

A grandmother relates her secrets about events, conflicts, and results that impacted the Dutch people during WWII. Included are the joys, sorrows, and conflicts of her family and her best friend Esther who fled, with her family, to The Netherlands to escape the Nazis' laws and acts against the Jews only to encounter similar events when the Nazis invaded and occupied The Netherlands. American students will learn how the Nazis’ impacted European families both during and long after the war ended.

__ **Grade:** __ 7 __ **Theme:** __ Historical perspectives and accounts __**Topic:**__ Historical thinking and skills __ **Content Statement:** ____ 1. __ Historians and archaeologists describe historical events and issues from the perspectives of people living at the time to avoid evaluating the past in terms of today’s norms and values.


 * Family Secret Reinforcing Activity **

__<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**Harriet Tubman** __ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">//Catherine Nichols (2002). Scholastic, Inc.// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">//Illustrated by Brian Dennington// <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Harriet has many jobs as a slave. She eventually reaches a point when she decides that she has had enough and plans to make a run for freedom. This book follows Harriet as she is able to successfully escape and later return to help her parents do the same.


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 7
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">History
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Historical Thinking and Skills
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. Historians and archaeologists describe historical events and issues from the perspectives of people living at the time to avoid evaluating the past in terms of today’s norms and values.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Harriet Tubman Reinforcing Activity

__ **Homeplace** __ //Anne Shelby (2000). Orchard Books.Wendy Anderson Halperin, illustrator.// Here is a story almost two hundred years long. All of it happens in one house that from year-to-year has grown and changed and housed one family. In one hundred fifty pictures, you see the life this family has lived, from great-great-great-great-grandpa to a child today, connected hand to hand by the long reach of work and comfort and caring.
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 7
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">History
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Historical Thinking and Skills
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. Historians and archaeologists describe historical events and issues from the perspectives of people living at the time to avoid evaluating the past in terms of today’s norms and values.


 * Homeplace Reinforcing Activity **

__<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">**Mind Your Manners Alice Roosevelt** __ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">//Leslie Kimmelman and Adam Gustavson (2009). Peachtree Publishers//. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">The story recounts the antics of President Theodore Roosevelt’s oldest daughter, Alice. Children are introduced to the accomplishments of Roosevelt’s presidency while learning about Alice, a free spirit who rebelled against being a conventional woman.


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 7
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">History
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Historical Thinking and Skills
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. Historians and archaeologists describe historical events and issues from the perspectives of people living at the time to avoid evaluating the past in terms of today’s norms and values.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Mind Your Manners Reinforcing Activity

__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Voice of Freedom: Fannie Lou Hamer **__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Carole Boston Weatherford (2015). Candlewick Press. // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Illustrated by Ekua Holmes. //

Written in first person, Weatherford creates this biography on Fannie Lou Hamer, otherwise known as the “spirit” of the Civil Rights Movement to describe the determination, hardships, setbacks, and accomplishments Fannie Lou Hamer had endured in her efforts towards equality. Weatherford takes you through the reality of the Civil Rights Movement by incorporating direct quotes from Fannie Lou Hamer on her experiences growing up Black and her actions towards eliminating injustice.


 * __Grade:__** 7th
 * __Strand:__** History
 * __Topic:__** Historical Thinking and Skills
 * __Content Statement:__** 1. Historians and archaeologists describe the historical events and issues from the perspectives of people living at the time to avoid evaluating the past in terms of today’s norms and values.

Voice of Freedom Reinforcing Activity


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: olive; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 17pt;">Eighth Grade: **

// William Miller (1995). LEE & LOW BOOKS Inc. // // Frederick Douglass: The Last Day of Slavery // is about the young life of the famous writer and activist Frederick Douglass. Born into slavery, young Frederick dreams of the day he and his people will be free. Yet until that day comes, his only escape is through the books he reads, which take him to worlds far from his own. Throughout the book, Frederick must face the wrath of a menacing overseer named Covey who tries to "break" his spirit. However, with time Frederick gains the courage to stand up against the evil overseer and beats him in a fight. This victory not only causes Covey to view Frederick with new eyes and respect, but frees Frederick's spirit forever.
 * __ Frederick Douglass: The Last Day of Slavery __ **


 * __Grade:__ ** 8
 * __Theme:__ ** U.S. Studies from 1492 to 1877: Exploration through Reconstruction
 * __Topic:__ ** Historical Thinking and Skills
 * __Content Statement:__ ** 1. Primary and secondary sources are used to examine events from multiple perspectives and to present and defend a position.


 * Frederick Douglass: The Last Day of Slavery Reinforcing Activity **

__ **Then and Now** __ // Heather Amery (1985). Usborne Publishing. Illustrated by Peter Firmin. // This book is designed to entertain young children while also encouraging them to look for details, spot changes and ask questions while reading. Changes brought about by the passage of time are not as easily understood for children and adolescents because they possess a limited experience of time. Adults sharing __ Then and Now __ with young children will find that each page provides opportunities for readers to explore ideas about how things have changed and developed in the last hundred years. The book also shows how the changes have affected our lives, houses, clothes and activities.

__ **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Gr ** ____ **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ade: ** __ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">8
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Theme: __ ** U.S. Studies from 1492 to 1877: Exploration through Reconstruction
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Topic: __ ** Historical Thinking and Skills
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Content Statement: __ ** 1. Primary and secondary sources are used to examine events from multiple perspectives and to present and defend a position.


 * __ Then and Now Reinforcing Activity __ **

//Karen Winnick Boyds// (1999) Mills Press This story relates the true story of eleven-year old Grace Bedell, who, in 1860, wrote to Abraham Lincoln during his presidential campaign to suggest that he let his "whiskers grow" to improve his appearance. Later, on his way to his inauguration, the president-elect stops by Grace’s hometown to meet the girl who inspired him to change his appearance. __ **Grade:** __ 8 __ **Strand:** __ History __ **Topic:** __ Historical Thinking and Skills __ **Content Statement:** __ Primary and secondary sources are used to examine events from multiple perspectives and to present and defend a position.
 * __ Mr. Lincoln's Whiskers __ **


 * Lincoln's Whiskers Reinforcing Activity **

__ **Minty, A Story of Young Harriet Tubman** __ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Alan Schroeder (1996). Dial Books. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Illustrated by Jerry Pinkney

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Young Harriet Tubman, nicknamed Minty, is a spirited young girl, who tests the injustices of her owners and longs for freedom. Her mother tells her, “If your head is in the lion’s mouth, its best to pat him a little as a warning not to anger the mistress of the plantation. Her father, however, sees the restlessness of his child, and so he teaches her the things she will need to know when the day comes to escape. This book offers the reader a different view of Harriet Tubman--a young girl with a sense of justice and a yearning for freedom, waiting for her time to come.


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 8
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">History
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Colonization to Independence
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">4. The practice of race-based slavery led to the forced migration of Africans to the American colonies. Their knowledge and traditions contributed to the development of those colonies and the United States.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px;">Minty Reinforcing Activity


 * __Sleds on Boston Commons__ **

Louise Borden (2000). Margaret K. McElderry Books. Robert Andrew Parker, illustrator. Lousie Borden bases her story on Boston folklore, free verse, and the historical reworking of an alleged incident that is set in December of 1774. The storyline starts six months after King George III had closed the Boston harbor. The narrator, Henry Price makes his way to Boston Common on his ninth birthday. Henry is excited to try out his new sled but he finds that soldiers have pitched tents right in the middle of the sled runs. Henry dares to approach the English General and asks him that the sled run be cleared. Moved by the child's earnest request and courage, the general complies with his wishes. This well-told story gives a clear picture of life in pre-Revolutionary Boston, and the changes brought by the blockade of Boston Harbor and the encampment of the British soldiers. It also shows that one's "adversaries" are not necessarily evil simply because their political ideals may differ.


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 8
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Theme: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> U.S Studies from 1492 to 1897: Exploration through Reconstruction
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: __ **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Colonization to Independence
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement __ ****<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 5. The ideas of the Enlightenment and dissatisfaction with colonial rule led English colonists to write the declaration of independence and launch the American Revolution.

Sleds on Boston Reinforcing Activity


 * __Betsy Ross__ **

// Alexandra Wallner (1994). Holiday House. //

T<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;">his book provides a very interesting introduction into the life of Betsy Ross, the Philadelphia seamstress credited with sewing the first American flag. It describes Betsy Ross’s life from childhood, marriages, her upholstery business, design of the five-pointed star, sewing of the flag, and her family concerns until her death in 1836. The book uses large, colorful illustrations and many details to tell the story and re-create the period.


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: __ ** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">8
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Theme: __ ** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;">U.S. Studies from 1492 to 1877: Exploration through Reconstruction
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: __ ** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;">A New Nation
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: __ ** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;">6. The outcome of the American Revolution was national independence and new political, social, and economic relationships for the American people.


 * Betsy Ross Reinforcement Activity **


 * __Dandelions__ **

//<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;">Eve Bunting (1995). Harcourt Brace. // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;">Illustrated by Greg Shed. // <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;">As Zoe and her family rumble across the prairie in a wagon pulled by oxen, the grass stretches, unchanging all the way to the horizon. This is a story of the experiences of a family transplanted and how they adapt in order to survive.


 * __Grade:__ ** 8
 * __Theme:__ ** U.S.Studies from 1492 to 1877: Exploration through Reconstruction
 * __Topic:__ ** Expansion
 * __Content Statement:__ ** 9. The United States added to its territory through treaties and purchases. 10. Westward expansion contributed to economic and industrial development, debates over sectional issues, war with Mexico and the displacement of American Indians.


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dandelions- Reinforcing Activity **

__ **A Picture Book of Lewis and Clark** __ // David A. Ader (2003) Scholastic Books // // Illustrated by Ronald Himler //

This book tells the story/adventure of Lewis and Clark’s journey into the unknown. Thomas Jefferson assigned Meriwether Lewis to explore the land west of the United States border. In addition, Lewis and his new partner Clark wanted to find a water passage way that went across America. During Lewis’s mission, he collects and records observations about the plants, animals, land, and weather associated with the land west of the Missouri River.

__ **Grade:** __ 8 __ **Theme:** __ U.S. Studies from 1492 to 1877: Exploration through Reconstruction __ **Topic:** __ Expansion __ **Content Statement:** __ 10. Westward expansion contributed to economic and industrial development, debates sectional issues, war with Mexico and the displacement of American Indians.


 * Content Activity Needed **


 * __Drummer Boy__ **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;">Ann Turner (1998). Harper Collins Publishers. //

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">A young farm boy is influenced by a speech given by Abraham Lincoln one day when he was passing through his town. The Civil War was beginning and the boy knew he did not like the way the slaves were treated, so he decides to “sign up.” The boy is assigned the job of a drummer boy. He sees battles and shootings and men dying. He even holds a dying soldier’s hand after being wounded and comforts him. People told the boy his drum playing really lifted their spirits, but after the war was over, he realized he saw more things than any boy his age should ever see.


 * __Grade:__ ** 8
 * __Theme:__ ** U.S. Studies from 1492 to 1877: Exploration through Recontruction
 * __Topic:__ ** Civil War and Reconstruction
 * __Content Statement:__ ** 11. Disputes over the nature of federalism, complicated by economic developments in the United States, resulted in sectional issues, including slavery, which led to the American Civil War.


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Drummer Boy Reinforcing Activity **


 * __Pink and Say__ **

// Patricia Polacco (1994). Philomel Books //

__ Pink and Say __ is about two boys' experiences while fighting on the Union side during the Civil War. Pink finds Say wounded in a Georgia pasture and brings him back to his mother, Moe Moe Bay's, house to fix him up. When they arrive, Pink realizes they are putting his mother in danger by staying in a house in the Confederate territory. Pink and Say are taken to a Confederate prison and have to suffer the consequences.


 * __Grade:__ ** 8
 * __Theme:__ ** U.S Studies from 1492 to 1877: Exploration through Reconstruction
 * __Topic:__ ** Civil War and Reconstruction
 * __Content Statement:__ ** 11. Disputes over the nature of federalism, complicated by economic developments in the United States, resulted in sectional issues, including slavery, which led to the American Civil War.

Pink and Say Reinforcing Activity


 * __ Only Passing Through: The Story of Sojourner Truth __ **

**//Anne Rockwell, Gregory Christie (2000). Alfred A. Knopf. R.//** The story of Sojourner Truth, begins with the young girl (then Isabella) at age nine at a slave auction in Kingston, New York. This book chronicles her story as she ran away, was bought into freedom by a kind neighbor, and later took her former owner to court when he sold her son. Seventeen years later, Isabella gained her freedom, traveled the country delivering her message about the terrible truths of being a slave, and became known as Sojourner Truth.


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade __ ****<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 8
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Theme __ ****<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> U.S. Studies from 1492 to 1877: Exploration through Reconstruction
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic __ ****<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Civil War and Reconstruction
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement __ ****<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">: **<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 12. The Reconstruction period resulted in changes to the U.S Constitution, an affirmation of federal authority and lingering social and political differences.


 * Only Passing Through The Story of Sojourner Truth Reinforcing Activity **

// Tony Johnston (1996). Tambourine Books. James E. Ransome, Illustrator. // Johnston displays her versatility in this prose poem of a young slave who helps his carpenter father build a wagon of "smooth, dark wood." The family lives through the last days of slavery, hearing rumors of war, and enduring labor, poverty, and punishment until they can kneel in the fields and give thanks at word of Emancipation. When at last they leave the farm, their former master, gives them the wagon and the mules. They set off down the road to Washington to attend Lincoln's funeral.
 * __The Wagon__ **


 * __Grade__: ** 8
 * __Theme__: ** U.S. Studies from 1492 to 1877: Exploration through Reconstruction
 * __Topic__: ** Civil War and Reconstruction
 * __Content Statement__: ** 12. The Reconstruction period resulted in changes to the U.S Constitution, an affirmation of federal authority and lingering social and political differences.

__ The Wagon Reinforcing Activity __

//<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Suzanne Tripp Jurmain (2011). Dutton Children’s Books. // //<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Illustrated by Larry Day. //
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Worst of Friends: Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and the True Story of an American Feud __**

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">This book shares the story of two close friends and how politics caused a hiccup in their relationship. Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were complete opposites, but were best pals until they began to disagree about America and its government after receiving independence from Great Britain. Both served as President creating an America that the other hated and a divide between them. Is it possible that the two presidents would ever be friends again?


 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grade: __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 8
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Strand: __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> History
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Topic: __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> A New Nation
 * __<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Content Statement: __**<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> 8.6 The outcome of the American Revolution was national independence and new political, social and economic relationships for the American people.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Worst of Friends Reinforcing Activity